Hydrography
Hydrography is a branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes, and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, security and defense, scientific research, and environmental protection. It involves the production of nautical charts and includes the measurement of the depth, the tides and currents, the shape and features of the bottom, the locations of fixed objects such as navigation marks and hazards such as shoals and wrecks. Hydrographic surveying is the science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore oil exploration/drilling and related activities. Hydrography is collected under rules which vary depending on the acceptance authority. Traditionally conducted by ships with echo sounding devices and buoys, hydrography is increasingly conducted with the aid of aircraft and sophisticated electronic sensor systems.
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